Physical damage pipeline
A player-first reading order for physical hits without pretending every physical skill shares one universal formula.
By RO Codex Team
Updated
Foundational mechanic · Reviewed August 7, 2026
How this damage is calculated
Calculation order
Physical ATK → action coefficient → Physical DEF and penetration → Physical Damage → Skill or Auto Attack Damage → ranged → element, race, size, and MVP → Final Damage → critical → encounter rules → caps
Follow this order with your own build, but use the grouping and special branches shown by your skill family. The numerical example below demonstrates the mechanic rather than claiming one universal formula for every skill.
Build calculator
Enter the values from your character, skill, and target. Results update as you type, stay in your browser, and are never saved.
Choose your hero and attack
Choose Auto Attack or an imported hero damage skill for this physical lane. The client coefficient and event count load automatically.
Ancient Artifact User
Bell Cranel
Ellinia
Heinrich
Himmelmez
Hollgrehenn
Khalitzburg
Monokuma
Rathgricy
Shadow - Saitama
Sunlight
Thanatos
The Nameless
Thor
Auto Attack
Side Split
Super - Long Star Wave
Auto Attack
Fire Bolt
Symphony of Wind and Fire
The Heroic Shot
Auto Attack
Mercury Concerto
Auto Attack
Fire strike
Moonlight Dance
Auto Attack
Puncture Punishment
Underworld Ferry
Wrath of the Saint
Anvil Toss
Auto Attack
Destructive Hammer
Auto Attack
Echo of Petals
Memory of Petals
Whisper of Rose
Wish Flower
Auto Attack
Monokuma Bomb
Auto Attack
Blade of Order
Divine Verdict
Auto Attack
Successive attack
Auto Attack
Path of the Sun
Sunlight Crash
Auto Attack
Heavy Roll
Phase 1 - Calamity
Assassination formation
Auto Attack
Deadly Shadow
Shadow Pierce
Auto Attack
Rolling Thunder
Trial of Storm
Ultra Lightning
Skill level
Client coefficient and event count load automatically. Only the matching Skill or Auto Attack Damage input is active.
Choose your target MVP
Choose the instance first, then its difficulty, then the MVP. Each step limits the next list and the final choice loads the imported target stats.
Your character stats
Enter the totals from the build you use with the selected hero and attack. Action-specific, target-qualified, and Final Damage modifiers remain separate stages.
%
%
%
Applies only to the selected damage skill.
%
Applies only when Auto Attack is selected.
%
Keep this at 0 unless the selected attack qualifies as ranged.
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Your calculated result
Bell Fire Bolt produces 8,001 damage per event and 8,001 for its one-event cast with these player and target inputs.
Possible cast outcomes
These probabilities apply only when every selected damage event rolls independently.
This calculator follows the ordering described on this page. Skill-specific rewrites and unsupported build lanes still require their own verified family support.
Example calculation: Bell Fire Bolt vs Bagg Warrior Lugan
This starts from Bell Cranel and Fire Bolt Lv. 10 in the hero and skill selectors. The coefficient and event count come from the imported skill levels; Crystallized Lugan supplies the Warrior target profile.
- Physical ATK
- 30,000
- Bell Fire Bolt Lv. 10 coefficient
- 1,000% (×10.00)
- Damage events
- 1
- Target
- Crystallized Lugan · Bagg Warrior
- Target Physical DEF
- 10,000
- Target DEF Percentage Defense
- +80%
- Ignore Physical DEF
- 180%
- Physical Penetration
- 20%
- Target Physical Reduction
- 10%
- Physical Damage
- 20%
- Skill Damage
- 20%
- Target Skill Damage Reduction
- 10%
- Auto Attack Damage
- 25% · inactive for Fire Bolt
- Ranged Damage
- 10%
- Attack Element
- Fire
- Target element
- Wind
- All Element Damage
- 20%
- Target Element Damage Reduction
- 10%
- All Race Damage
- 0%
- All Size Damage
- 10%
- MVP Damage
- 15%
- Final Damage
- 20%
- Critical multiplier
- 150% (×1.50)
- Bagg Warrior encounter divisor
- 150
-
1
Bell Fire Bolt coefficient300,000
30,000 × 10.00 -
2
Effective Physical DEF0
10,000 × max(1 + 0.80 − 1.80, 0) -
3
Physical DEF multiplier1.000000
max((4,000 + 0) ÷ (4,000 + 10 × 0), 1 ÷ (1 + 6 × 0 ÷ 30,000)) -
4
After Physical DEF300,000
300,000 × 1.00 -
5
Physical Penetration vs reduction330,000
300,000 × max(1 + 0.20 − 0.10, 0.15) -
6
Physical Damage396,000
330,000 × 1.20 -
7
Skill Damage vs reduction435,600
396,000 × max(1 + 0.20 − 0.10, 0.15) -
8
Ranged Damage479,160
435,600 × 1.10 -
9
Fire against Wind527,076
479,160 × 1.00 × max(1 + 0.20 − 0.10, 0.15) -
10
After All Race Damage527,076
527,076 × 1.00 -
11
After All Size Damage579,783.6
527,076 × 1.10 -
12
After MVP Damage666,751.14
579,783.6 × 1.15 -
13
After Final Damage800,101.368
666,751.14 × 1.20 -
14
Critical branch1,200,152.052
800,101.368 × 1.50 -
15
Bagg encounter reduction8,001.01368
1,200,152.052 ÷ 150 -
16
Final floor8,001 damage
floor(8,001.01368) -
17
One-event cast total8,001 damage
8,001 × 1
Choose Auto Attack to replace the Skill Damage stage with Auto Attack Damage. The calculator never applies both action-specific modifiers to the same event.
Start with the skill family
Physical ATK is an input, not a complete damage answer. First identify the selected skill, level, coefficient, hit or tick count, weapon restrictions, and any hidden damage skill. The registered family decides which of those values are used and in what order.
Two skills can both be labeled physical while using different shared bases, critical branches, target rules, or triggered hits. RO Codex therefore verifies families individually and never substitutes this reading order for an unsupported handler.
- Confirm Physical ATK and the chosen skill level.
- Treat every hit or tick as the family defines it.
- Keep weapon, range, and activation conditions attached.
Resolve defense and qualified bonuses
Physical DEF and Ignore Physical DEF belong to the defense lane. Physical Penetration, target DEF changes, and damage reduction may enter at different stages, so their friendly labels must remain separate instead of becoming one generic multiplier.
Apply only modifiers whose qualifiers match the target and action. Race, size, element, MVP or Mini class, ranged damage, skill damage, normal-attack damage, and Final Damage are distinct scopes even when several are active on the same hit.
Finish with branches, encounter rules, and caps
Critical behavior belongs to the skill family. Some physical attacks can critical normally, some rewrite critical handling, and others cannot critical. Encounter-specific divisors and caps then determine the displayed result and the HP actually removed.
Evidence and freshness
RO Codex publishes Verified family articles only while the accepted handler and its required evidence remain current. Read the data quality standards for the site-wide accuracy contract.
- RO Codex formula trust contract
- Defines Verified, Estimated, and Unavailable behavior and requires family-specific fail-closed calculation.
- Player-facing calculation ledgers
- Ordered Battle Lab steps keep attack, defense, modifiers, encounters, and caps readable without exposing internal references.