How damage is calculated

A damage result is only meaningful when the attack profile is explicit. Record whether the hit uses Physical ATK or Magic ATK, the skill level, its listed multiplier, hit count, element, and any weapon or target restrictions. A multi-hit skill should be compared both per hit and per cast so a fast animation is not mistaken for a larger multiplier.

Review these inputs separately so you can tell whether an upgrade changed the character sheet, the skill coefficient, or a later damage multiplier instead of hiding everything inside one total.

• Confirm the skill level and displayed damage percentage.
• Check element, range, cast time, cooldown, and number of hits.
• Use the same buff state for every build being compared.

Choose the actual monster you plan to fight. Physical DEF and Magic DEF affect different attack profiles, while race, size, element, and monster class determine whether target-specific bonuses apply. A build that wins against a neutral training target may lose against an MVP with different defenses or reductions.

When a modifier names a target, keep that qualifier attached. Demi-Human Damage, Fire Damage, and MVP Damage are not interchangeable general bonuses.

Compare base attack, skill scaling, additive bonus groups, multiplicative groups, defense and resistance adjustments, critical handling, and final damage. Rounding can occur between stages, so two mathematically similar builds may differ slightly in the game.

Change one input at a time, keep the target fixed, and compare average hit, critical hit, damage per cast, and time to kill. This makes the source of an improvement visible and protects against stacking a bonus that the chosen target cannot activate.